A escola é a rede
PARTE 11 | THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
ATENÇÃO: NÃO É PARA DISCUTIR E SIM PARA TRADUZIR. MENCIONE O PEDAÇO (OU OS PEDAÇOS) QUE VOCÊ TRADUZIU E PUBLIQUE A TRADUÇÃO NO CAMPO DE COMENTÁRIOS.
Pedaço 1
FP — At another moment, you write that you want to change the values of the global economic network. How do you do that?
FC — This is one area where I can illustrate the power of my theoretical framework. Because I have included meaning, values, culture, consciousness, etc., right from the start, I can use my theoretical framework to analyze the global economy, and values are a crucial part of that analysis. Others cannot do that that. When ask them, "what about values?" -- they would say: "that's not my domain; I'm a scientist," or something like that. So, what I am saying, following Manuel Castells, is that the global economy is organized around networks of financial flows.
There is a global network of computers that allow investors and speculators to invest their money anywhere in the world into any project, any economy, in any country and to withdraw it immediately if they feel like investing it somewhere else. These are processes that happen within minutes, within seconds. So there is a global, electronic casino going on, with billions of dollars sloshing around the planet every day.
In order for this to happen smoothly, in order not to impede these global financial flows, certain rules have to be maintained. These are the so-called "free-trade rules" imposed by the World Trade Organization. And here is one value that is underlying these various complex rules of the neo-liberal economic theory. The one value is that making money is always better than anything else. So, when there is a conflict between making more money or protecting human rights, taking into account health considerations, protecting the environment, protecting democracy, or whatever other values we have, making money is always more important for the WTO and therefore it has to take preference. This value is programmed into today's global economy. It's a single value, a quintessentially capitalist value.
Pedaço 2
What I propose, together with many colleagues, is to change the value system and to incorporate a certain minimal ethic into this global network. To say, for example, that workers, all over the world need to be paid living wages. That does not mean that they will be paid the same. You can argue that the living wage in Indonesia is less than in Chile or other parts of the world. But the principle is an ethical principle, that living wages should be paid. Another would be that toxic substances should be handled with certain care. That certain health considerations should be taken into account, and so on.
There are already values that are sort of on the margin: that you will not trade in endangered species, for example. There are NGOs who have developed a whole set of new rules that would expand these values.
FP — I think I understand the rules you have in mind. The problem is "how do you change the rules?"
FC — I think that can be addressed only politically. Technically, it is absolutely possible to reprogram the global economy according to different values.
Pedaço 1
FP — At another moment, you write that you want to change the values of the global economic network. How do you do that?
FC — This is one area where I can illustrate the power of my theoretical framework. Because I have included meaning, values, culture, consciousness, etc., right from the start, I can use my theoretical framework to analyze the global economy, and values are a crucial part of that analysis. Others cannot do that that. When ask them, "what about values?" -- they would say: "that's not my domain; I'm a scientist," or something like that. So, what I am saying, following Manuel Castells, is that the global economy is organized around networks of financial flows.
There is a global network of computers that allow investors and speculators to invest their money anywhere in the world into any project, any economy, in any country and to withdraw it immediately if they feel like investing it somewhere else. These are processes that happen within minutes, within seconds. So there is a global, electronic casino going on, with billions of dollars sloshing around the planet every day.
In order for this to happen smoothly, in order not to impede these global financial flows, certain rules have to be maintained. These are the so-called "free-trade rules" imposed by the World Trade Organization. And here is one value that is underlying these various complex rules of the neo-liberal economic theory. The one value is that making money is always better than anything else. So, when there is a conflict between making more money or protecting human rights, taking into account health considerations, protecting the environment, protecting democracy, or whatever other values we have, making money is always more important for the WTO and therefore it has to take preference. This value is programmed into today's global economy. It's a single value, a quintessentially capitalist value.
Pedaço 2
What I propose, together with many colleagues, is to change the value system and to incorporate a certain minimal ethic into this global network. To say, for example, that workers, all over the world need to be paid living wages. That does not mean that they will be paid the same. You can argue that the living wage in Indonesia is less than in Chile or other parts of the world. But the principle is an ethical principle, that living wages should be paid. Another would be that toxic substances should be handled with certain care. That certain health considerations should be taken into account, and so on.
There are already values that are sort of on the margin: that you will not trade in endangered species, for example. There are NGOs who have developed a whole set of new rules that would expand these values.
FP — I think I understand the rules you have in mind. The problem is "how do you change the rules?"
FC — I think that can be addressed only politically. Technically, it is absolutely possible to reprogram the global economy according to different values.
Respostas a este tópico
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Permalink Responder até Carlos Quandt em
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Posso fazer esta parte.
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Permalink Responder até Carlos Quandt em
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Primeira versão:
Pedaço 1
FP — Em outro momento, você escreve que deseja mudar os valores da rede econômica global. Como se faz isso?
FC — Essa é uma área na qual eu posso ilustrar a força do meu arcabouço teórico. Pelo fato de eu ter incluído significado, valores, cultura, consciência, etc., desde o início, posso usar meu arcabouço teórico para analisar a economia global, e os valores são uma parte crucial dessa análise. Outros não conseguem fazer isso. Se perguntarmos a eles, “e como ficam os valores?” – eles diriam: “essa não é a minha área, eu sou um cientista”, ou algo assim. Então, o que eu estou dizendo, na mesma linha de Manuel Castells, é que a economia global se organiza em torno de redes de fluxos financeiros.
Existe uma rede global de computadores que permite aos investidores e especuladores investir em qualquer parte do mundo, em qualquer projeto, em qualquer economia, em qualquer país, e eles podem retirar o dinheiro imediatamente se quiserem investir em algum outro lugar. Esses processos acontecem em minutos, em segundos. Então existe um cassino global, eletrônico, em funcionamento, com bilhões de dólares se movimentando ao redor do planeta todos os dias.
Para que isso funcione bem, para que não existam obstáculos a esses fluxos financeiros globais, algumas regras precisam ser mantidas. Essas são as chamadas “regras de livre comércio”, impostas pela Organização Mundial do Comércio. E aqui está um dos valores subjacentes às diversas regras complexas da teoria econômica neoliberal. Esse valor é: ganhar dinheiro é sempre melhor do que qualquer outra coisa. Logo, quando há um conflito entre ganhar dinheiro e proteger direitos humanos, considerar questões de saúde, proteger o meio ambiente, proteger a democracia, ou qualquer outro valor que tenhamos, ganhar dinheiro é sempre mais importante para a OMC, e portanto deve ter prioridade. Esse valor está programado na economia global de hoje. É um valor único, um valor intrinsecamente capitalista.
Pedaço 2
O que eu proponho, juntamente com muitos colegas, é mudar o sistema de valores e incorporar um certo nível mínimo de ética a esta rede global. Afirmar, por exemplo, que trabalhadores em todo o mundo precisam receber salários para que possam viver. Isso não significa que todos receberão o mesmo. Pode-se argumentar, por exemplo, que o salário para viver na Indonésia é menor do que no Chile ou em outras partes do mundo. Mas o princípio é um princípio ético, que salários suficientes para viver devem ser pagos. Outro princípio é que substâncias tóxicas devem ser manuseadas com certos cuidados. E que certas preocupações com a saúde devem ser levadas em conta, e assim por diante
Já existem alguns valores que estão um pouco na margem: por exemplo, que não se deve comercializar espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Existem ONGs que desenvolveram todo um conjunto de novas regras que expandiriam esses valores.
FP — Creio que entendo as regras que você tem em mente. O problema é: “como mudar as regras?”
FC — Penso que isso só pode ser abordado politicamente. Tecnicamente, é absolutamente possível reprogramar a economia global de acordo com valores diferentes.
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